1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus. Accessed online 4/13/2020
2. YaoX, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, Xu L, Zhao L, Dong E, Song C, Zhan S, LuR, Li H, Tan W, Liu D. In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). March 2020, Clinical Infectious Diseases, ciaa237
3. National Institutes of Health’s Center National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, https://ncats.nih.gov/preclinical/repurpose. Accessed online 4/13/2020
4. Sullivan T. A tough road: cost to develop one new drug is $2.6 billion; approval rate for drugs entering clinical development is less than 12%. Policy and medicine. www.policymed.com. Accessed online 4/13/2020
5. Food and Drug Administration. Emergency use authorization. www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/emergency-use-authorization. Accessed online 4/13/2020
6. Cable News Network. www.cnn.com2020/04/06/health/hydroxychloroquine-coronavirus-covid-19-explainer/index.html Transcript of interview. Accessed online 4/13/2020
7. Drug Bank. Quinine. https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00468. Accessed online 4/8/2020
8. Roche RJ, Silamut K, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, Molunto P, Boonamrung S, White NJ. Quinine induces reversible high-tone hearing loss. Br J Clin Pharmacol1990 Jun; 29(6):780-2
9. TangeRA, DreschlerWA, ClaessenFA, PerenboomRM. Ototoxic reactions of quinine in healthy persons and patients with plasmodium falciparum infection. Auris Nasus Larynx 1997 Apr; 24(2):131-6
10. Mukherjee DK. Chloroquine ototoxicity - a reversible phenomenon? J Laryngol Otol 1979; 93:809-15
11. Jung TT, Rhee CK, Lee CS, Park YS, Choi DC. Ototoxicity of salicylate, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and quinine. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993 Oct; 26(5):791-810
12. Subramanian V, Vaswani, RN. Assessment of short term chloroquine-induced ototoxicity in malaria patients. J Dentistry and Otol 2015; 15(2) pp14-17
13. Berninger, E, Karlsson, KK, Alvan G. 1998. Quinine reduces the dynamic range of the human auditory system. Acta Oto-laryngol 1998; 118, 46-51
14. Karbwang J, Bangchang KN, Thanavibul A, Wattanakoon Y, Harinasuta T. Quinine toxicity when given with doxycycline and mefloquine. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 1994; 25, 397-400
15. Karlsson, KK, Hellgren U, Alvan G, Rombo L. Audiometry as a possible indicator of quinine plasma concentration during treatment of malaria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop Med Hyg 1994; 84, 765—767
16. White NJ. Neurological dysfunction following malaria: disease or drug-related? Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30, 836
17. ClaessenFA, van BoxtelCJ, PerenboomRM, TangeRA, WetsteijnJC, KagerPA. Quinine pharmacokinetics: ototoxic and cardiotoxic effects in healthy caucasian subjects and in patients with falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 1998 Jun; 3(6):482-9
18. Hadi U, Nuwayhid N, Hasbini AC. Chloroquine ototoxicity: an idiosyncratic phenomenon. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg1996 Mar; 114(3):491-3
19. Johansen PB, Gran JT. Ototoxicity due to hydroxychloroquine: report of two cases. Clin Exp Rheumatol1998 Jul-Aug;16(4):472-4
20. de Novaes Fernandes MR,SoaresD, ThienCI, CarneiroS. Hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. An Bras Dermatol 2018 May-Jun; 93(3): 469–470
21. BernardP. Alterations of auditory evoked potentials during the course of chloroquine treatment Acta Otolaryngol Mar-Apr 1985; 99(3-4):387-92
22. Bortoli R, Santiago M. Chloroquine ototoxicity. Clin Rheumatol 2007 Nov; 26(11):1809-10
23. Ruedi L, Furrer W, Luthy F, Nager G, Tschirren B. Further observations concerning the toxic effects of streptomycin and quinine on the auditory organ of guinea pigs. Laryngoscope1952; 62; 333-351
24. Hawkins J. Drug ototoxicity. In Handbook of sensory physiology. Vol. 3, Keidel, WD & Neff, WD eds. New York: Springer 1976, pp 704-748
25. Koegel L. (1985). Ototoxicity: a contemporary review of aminoglycosides loop diuretics, acetylsalicylic acid, quinine, erythromycin and cisplatinum. Am. J. Otology 1985; 6, pp190-199
26. Seçkin U, Ozoran K, Ikinciogullari A, Borman P, Bostan EE. Hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2000; 19:203–204
27. Figueiredo MC, Atherino CCCT, Monteiro CV, Levy RA. Antimaláricos e ototoxicidade. Rev Bras Reumatol 2004; 44:212–214
28. GautretP, LagierJC, ParolaP, HoangVT, MeddebL, MailheM, DoudierB, CourjonJ, GiordanengoV, VieiraVE, DupontHT, HonoréS, ColsonP, ChabrièreE, La ScolaB, RolainJM, BrouquiP, RaoultD. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents2020 Mar 20. Accessed online ahead of print
29. Keller H, Maurer P, Blaser J, Follath F. Miscellaneous antibiotics. In: Dukes MNG, editor. Meyler’s side effects of drugs. 12th ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992. p. 637-71
30. MintzU, AmirJ, PinkhasJ, de Vries, A. Transient perceptive deafness due to erythromycin lactobionate. JAMA 1973; 225 (9), 1122-3
31. KarmodyCS, WeinsteinL. Reversible sensorineural hearing loss with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Jan-Feb 1977; 86(1 Pt 1):9-11
32. Thompson, P, Wood RP 2nd, BergstromL. Erythromycin ototoxicity. J Otolaryngol 1980 Feb; 9(1):60-2
33. Haydon RC, ThelinJW, DavisWE. Erythromycin ototoxicity: analysis and conclusions based on 22 Case Reports. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984 Dec; 92(6):678-84
34. DemaldentJE, RollandA, MongrolleY. Ototoxic potential of erythromycin. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 1984; 101(8):643-7
35. WhitenerCJ, ParkerJE, LappNL. Erythromycin ototoxicity: a call to heighten recognition. South Med J1991; Oct; 84(10):1214-6
36. AgustíC, FerránF, GeaJ, PicadoC. Ototoxic reaction to erythromycin. Arch Intern Med 1991 Feb; 151(2):380
37. LindO, HarthugS. Hearing loss after erythromycin therapy. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1993 Sep 20; 113(22):2810-1
38. VasquezEM, MadduxMS, SanchezJ, PollakR. Clinically significant hearing loss in renal allograft recipients treated with intravenous erythromycin. Arch Intern Med 1993; 12;153(7):879-82
39. SwansonDJ, SungRJ, FineMJ, OrloffJJ, ChuSY, YuVL. Erythromycin ototoxicity: prospective assessment with serum concentrations and audiograms in a study of patients with pneumonia.
Am J Med 1992 Jan; 92(1):61-8
40. Brummett RE, Fox KE. Vancomycin and erythromycin-induced hearing loss in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother1989; 33:791-6
41. Brummett RE. Ototoxic liability of erythromycin and analogues.Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26:811-9
42. SacristánJA, Angeles De Cos M, SotoJ, ZurbanoF, PascualJ, TasisA, ValleR, De PablosC. Ototoxicity of erythromycin in man: electrophysiologic approach. Am J Otol 1993; Mar;14(2):186-8
43. Levin G, Behrenth E. Irreversible ototoxic effect of erythromycin. Scand Audiol 1986;15:41-42, 1986
44. Dylewski J. Irreversible sensorineural hearing loss due to erythromycin. Can Med Assoc J 1988; 139:230-1
45. Schweitzer VG, Olson NR. Ototoxic effect of erythromycin therapy. Arch Otolaryngol 1984; 110:258-60
46. Quinnan GV, McCabe WR. Ototoxicity of erythromycin [letter]. Lancet1978;1:1160-1
47. Magata MJ, Tailor SAN. Erythromycin-induced ototoxicity: a case report and review of the literature Can J Hosp Pharm, 2000 Apr; 53, No. 2
48. World Health Organization (WHO). Essential medicines and health products. www.who.int/medicines/events/fs/en/. Accessed online 4/19/2020
49. Periti P, Mazzei T, Mini E, Novelli A. Adverse effects of macrolide antibacterials. Drug Safety 1993 Nov; 9(5):346-64
50. Ress, BF, Gross, EM. Irreversible sensorineural hearing loss as a result of azithromycin ototoxicity: a case report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000; 109(4):435-7
51. Dylewski J. Irreversible sensorineural hearing loss due to erythromycin. Can Med Assoc J, 1988 Vol.139, pp 230-231
52. BizjakED, Haug 3rd, MT, SchilzRJ, SarodiaBD, Dresing, JM. Intravenous azithromycin-induced ototoxicity. Pharmacotherapy1999 Feb;19(2):245-8
53. Mick P, Westerberg BD. Sensorineural hearing loss as a probable serious adverse drug reaction associated with low-dose oral azithromycin. J Otolaryngol 2007 Oct;36(5):257-63
54. Wallace, MR, MillerLK, NguyenMT, Shields, AR. Ototoxicity with azithromycin. Lancet 1994 Jan 22; 343 (8891), 241
55. Tseng AL, Dolovich L, Salit IE. Azithromycin-related ototoxicity in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Inf Dis, 1997; 24 (1), 76-7
56. Brown BA, Griffith DE, Girard W, Levin J, Wallace RJ. Relationship of adverse events to serum drug levels in patients receiving high-dose azithromycin for mycobacterial lung disease. Clin Infect Dis 1997 May; 24 (5), 958-64
57. Bizjac ED, Huag MT, Scholz RJ, Sarodia BD, Dresing, JM. Intravenous azithromycin-induced ototoxicity. Pharmacotherapy1999; 19 (2), 245-8 Feb
58. Lo SH, Kotabe S, Mitsunaga L. Azithromycin-induced hearing loss. Amer J Health-Syst Pharm 1999 Feb 15; 56 (4), 380-3
59. DiSogra, RM. Reversible sensorineural hearing loss after zithromax for pneumonia. Unpublished report. 2007
60. McGhan LJ, Merchant SN. Erythromycin ototoxicity Otol Neurotol 2003 July; (24) Issue 4 - p 701-702
61. Lin SY, Wang YL, Lin HF, Chen TC, Chen YH, Lu PL. Reversible hearing impairment: delayed complication of murine typhus or adverse reaction to azithromycin? J Med Microbiol 2010; 59,602–606
62. Albert RK, Connett J, Bailey WC, Casaburi R, Cooper Jr JAD, Criner GJ, Curtis JL, Dransfield MT, Han MK, Lazarus SC, Make B, Marchetti N, Martinez FJ, Madinger NE, McEvoy C, Niewoehner DE, Porsasz J, Price CS, Reilly J, Scanlon PD, Sciurba FC, Scharf SM, Washko GR, Woodruff PG, Anthonisen NR. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:689-98
63. McMullanBJ, MostaghimM. Prescribing azithromycin. Aust Prescr2015 Jun; 38(3): 87–89.
64. Li H, Liu DH, Chen LL, Zhao Q, Yu YZ, Ding JJ, MiaoLY, XiaoYL, CaiHR, ZhangDP, GuoYB, XieCM. Meta-analysis of the adverse effects of long-term azithromycin use in patients with chronic lung diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:511-7
65. Luke DR, Foulds G, Cohen SF, Levy B. Safety, toleration, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous azithromycin.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996 Nov; 40(11):2577, 81
66. Tseng AL, Dolovich L, Salit IE. Azithromycin-related ototoxicity in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Inf Dis1997; 24 (1), 76-7
67. EtminanM, Westerberg, BD, Kozak FK, GuoMY, CarletonBC. Risk of sensorineural hearing loss with macrolide antibiotics: a nested case-control study. Laryngoscope 2017 Jan; 127(1):229-232
68. Alrwisan A, AntonelliPJ, BrumbackBA, WeiYJ, Winterstein, AG. Azithromycin and sensorineural hearing loss in adults: a retrospective cohort study. Otol Neurotol 2018 Sep; 39(8):957-963
69. IkedaAK, PrinceAA, ChenJX, LieuJEC, ShinJJ. Macrolide-associated sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review. Laryngoscope 2018 Jan; 128(1):228-236
70. Drugs.com. Azithromycin. www.drugs.com/monograph/azithromycin.html. Accessed online 4/19/2020
71. Food and Drug Administration. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emergency use authorizations for medical devices. www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-use-authorizations#coronavirus2019. Accessed online 4/13/2020
72. Cook JA, Randinitis EJ, Bramson CR, Wesche DL. Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between azithromycin and chloroquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74(3):407–12
73. ChicoRM, PittrofR, GreenwoodB, ChandramohanD. Azithromycin-chloroquine and the intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. Malar J2008; 7: 255
74. ChicoRM, ChandramohanD. Azithromycin plus chloroquine: combination therapy for protection against malaria and sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011 Sep; 7(9): 1153–1167
75. PhiriK, KimaniJ, MtoveGA, ZhaoQ, RojoR, RobbinsJ, DuparcS, AyoubA, VandenbrouckeP. Parasitological clearance rates and drug concentrations of a fixed dose combination of azithromycin-ahloroquine in asymptomatic aregnant aomen with alasmodium falciparum parasitemia: an open-label, non-comparative study in sub-Saharan Africa. Publ Library Sci One 2016; 11(11)
76. KimaniJ, PhiriK, KamizaS, DuparcS, AyoubA, RojoR, RobbinsJ, OrricoR, VandenbrouckeP. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin-chloroquine versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment of plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in pregnant women in Africa: an open-label, randomized trial, Publ Library Sci One 2016 (11(6)
77. KshirsagarNA, Nithya J, Gogtay NJ, MoranD, UtzG, SethiaA, SarkarS, VandenbrouckeP. Treatment of adults with acute uncomplicated malaria with azithromycin and chloroquine in India, Colombia, and Suriname. Res Rep Trop Med 2017; 8: 85–104
78. Li C, Zu S, Deng YQ, Li D, Parvatiyar K, Quanquin N, Shang J, Sun N, Su J, Liu Z, Wang M, Aliyari SR, Li ZF, Wu A, Ma F, Shi Y, Nielsen-Saines K, Jung JU, Qin FXF, Qin CF, Cheng G. Azithromycin protects against Zika virus infection by upregulating virus-induced type I and III interferon responses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother2019 Sept. [Epub ahead of print]; Accessed online 4/20/2020
79. Juurlink DN. Safety considerations with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Can Med Assoc J Apr 2020 [pre-publication release Accessed online 4/20/2020 www.cmaj.ca]